PO & P 2nd Lecture

Proposal & Final Project (Format)

1) Introduction

a) Background of the study (some history and origins, yada yada yada)
b) Research problem/ Statement of problem
- a problem that you would like to research (question you can't answer or problem you can't solve).
- Could be due to;
i) There is no research on that particular topic
ii) There is some research, but generalization of result is limited
iii) Good deal of research but results are contradictory
iv) There are 2 different theories that explain the same phenomena.
c) Objectives of the study (What do you wanna achieve by researching on this topic?)
d) Hypotheses/ Research Questions (What do you expect from this research to be?)

2) Reviews of Literature
- Literature - writing on a particular subject
- Review - report of a particular subject
- Compilation of previous researches & writing on a topic
- Seek to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and integrate info with your own on the chosen topic
- An account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars & researchers (giving them credits for their research)

3) Methods
a) Subjects - targeted audience of the research. Describes how (criteria) the audience are relevant to the topic
b) Design - Research method, usually through surveys (questionnaires). Divided into 2 types
i) Qualitative research (small group of people, lots of questions)
ii) Quantitative research (large group of people, few questions)

4) Results - Present data from research in tables, graphs, pie charts and other suitable means.

5) Discussion (Evaluation) - Whether the research has been fruitful and problems encountered.

How to Do Literature Review
- compile info - journals, books, newspapers and etc with different perspectives & views on the topic
- read to compile material & understand them be it what's it all about, why and the results of research topics
- check if there are any differences between your findings and the others which could provide an additional info for future researches
- Arrange your points via this format
- Discuss the topic you are doing briefly
- Explain the development of the topic based on the compiled info
- Discuss what other researchers' opinions are and their findings that can support your topic


General Guidelines in Writing Questionnaires

• Make questions clear
• Keep questions short
• Remember the purpose of the research
• Do not ask double barreled question (usage of 'and' 'or')
• Avoid biased words or terms
• Avoid leading questions
• Do not use questions that ask for highly detailed info ( E.g. How many times you blink in an hour?)
  
• Avoid potentially embarrassing question unless necessary (E.g. Are you a virgin?)

Question Order

1. Demographic data, personal questions & other sensitive items should be placed at the end of the questions to allow the interviewer to establish a rapport with each respondent
2. Age & gender info are usually included in the first part of the questionnaire
3. Arrange questions in order of general to specific. Questions on similar topics should be grouped together & the transitions between questions sections should be clear & logical.

Did his notes
Robb